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| XRA00 UHF, EPCglobal Class 1b, Contactless Memory Chip 96 bit ePC with Inventory and Kill Function FEATURES SUMMARY ePCglobal Class 1b Specification Passive Operation (No Battery Required) UHF Carrier Frequencies From 860MHz to 960MHz ISM Band Which Comply To: - North American Regulation - European Regulation - Similar Regulations in Other Countries To the XRA00: - Asynchronous 50% to 100% ASK Modulation Using PWM Pulse Coding (15K to 70Kbits/s) From the XRA00: - Backscattered rEflective Answers using FSK bit coding (30K to 140Kbits/s) 128 bit EEPROM with Lock Bit 96 Bit ePC Internal PLL for Data Transfer Synchronisation Inventory, Read, Prog and Erase features Persistance Mode For Inventory Sequence Optimisation Kill Command 30ms Programming Time (typical) More than 10,000 Write/Erase cycles More than 40 Years' Data Retention Figure 1. Delivery Forms Unsawn unbumped wafers or sawn and bumped wafers December 2004 1/38 XRA00 TABLE OF CONTENTS FEATURES SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Figure 1. Delivery Forms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 SUMMARY DESCRIPTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Figure 2. Pad Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Table 1. Signal Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Figure 3. Die Floor Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 DATA TRANSFER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Input Data Transfer from the Reader to the XRA00 (Request Frame) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Figure 4. ASK Modulation of the Received Wave. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Figure 5. ASK Pulse Modulation Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Symbol Transmission Format for Request Frame . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Request Binary Data "0" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Request Binary Data "1" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Bin pulse and Bin Response Window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Transaction Gap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Power Up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Figure 6. Data Modulation Timing - "0" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Figure 7. Data Modulation Timing - "1" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Figure 8. Bin Response Window Timing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Figure 9. Transaction Gap Timing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Figure 10.Transaction after Power Up. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Table 2. Request Modulation Pulse Parameters for North American Operation (-20 to 55C). . . . 9 Table 3. Request Modulation Pulse Parameters for European Operation (-20 to 55C) . . . . . . . 10 Request Frame Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Figure 11.Reader to XRA00 Modulation Overview (Request Frame) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Figure 12.Data Modulation Window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Figure 13.Bin Modulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Figure 14.Bin Modulation Timing details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Coast Interval. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Figure 15.Coast Interval . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Ping Reply Bin Collapse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Figure 16.Collapsed Ping Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Output Data Transfer from the XRA00 to the Reader. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Answer Binary Data Bits 0 and 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Figure 17.XRA00 Answer Binary Data Bit Cell Encoding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Answer Frame from the XRA00 to the Reader . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Figure 18.XRA00 Answer Preamble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Figure 19.Transmission of XRA00 Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 XRA00 Answer Bit Cell Variation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Figure 20.XRA00 Answer Bit Cell Variation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Table 4. XRA00 Backscattered Answer Modulation Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Scroll Answer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 2/38 XRA00 Figure 21.XRA00 Scroll Answer Duration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Figure 22.ScrollID Answer Delay. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 PingID Answer Delay. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Figure 23.PingID Answer Delay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Contention Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Figure 24.Contention of Two XRA00 Devices with the Same Clock Rate and a 1-Bit Difference . . 16 MEMORY MAPPING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Figure 25.XRA00 Memory Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 USER mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 COMMAND-REPLY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 XRA00 State Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Power Up State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Awake State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Reply State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Asleep State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Dead State. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Figure 26.XRA00 State Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 GENERAL COMMAND FORMAT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 READER COMMAND STRUCTURE - (REQUEST FRAME COMMAND FORMAT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Table 5. Request Frame Command Field Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Command Encoding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Table 6. Basic Command Encoding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Table 7. Programming Command Encoding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 BASIC COMMANDS - OVERVIEW. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 ScrollID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Example of a ScrollID Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Table 8. Example of a ScrollID Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 ScrollID Answer Frame Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Figure 27.ScrollID Answer Frame Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 ScrollAllID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Example of a ScrollAllID Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Table 9. Example of a ScrollAllID Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 ScrollAllID Answer Frame Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Figure 28.ScrollAllID Answer Frame Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Kill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Figure 29.Kill Signaling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 PingID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Example of a PingID Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Table 10. Example of PingID Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Figure 30.PingID Answer Frame Structure for XRA00 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 PingID Answer Frame . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 3/38 XRA00 Figure 31.PingID Answer Response Period - Reader Modulations Define Response Bins . . . . . . 27 Quiet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Example of a Quiet Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Table 11. Example of a Quiet Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Figure 32.Example of a Quiet Request Frame Signaling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Talk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Example Talk Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Table 12. Example of a Talk Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Figure 33.Example of aTalk Request Frame Signaling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 PROGRAMMING COMMANDS - OVERVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 VerifyID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 EraseID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 ProgramID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Table 13. Programming Row Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Lock Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Table 14. Row 7 of an Unlocked or Erased Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Table 15. Row 7 of a Locked Memory (Showing Lock Code A5h) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 EraseID and ProgramID Timing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Figure 34.EraseID and ProgramID Signaling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 ANTI-COLLISION ALGORITHM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Figure 35.First Four LSBs as a Binary Tree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Anti-Collision Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Figure 36.Reader Modulations and XRA00 Backscatter During PingID Reply for Query 1. . . . . . . 32 Figure 37.Query Tree for the Two PingID Sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Figure 38.Reader Modulations and XRA00 Backscatter During PingID Reply for Query 2. . . . . . . 33 ANTI-COLLISION FEATURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 XRA00 IMPEDANCE PARAMETERS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Table 16. XRA00 Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Table 17. XRA00 Impedance Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Figure 39.XRA00 Input Impedance, Equivalent Parallel Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Figure 40.XRA00 Input Impedance, Equivalent Serial Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 PART NUMBERING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Table 18. Ordering Information Scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 REVISION HISTORY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Table 19. Document Revision History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 4/38 XRA00 SUMMARY DESCRIPTION The XRA00 is a low-cost integrated circuit for use in Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) transponders (tags) operating at UHF frequencies. It is a 128 bit memory organized as 8 blocks of 16 bits as shown in Table 5. When connected to an antenna, the operating power is derived from the RF energy produced by the RFID Reader. Incoming data are demodulated and decoded from the received Amplitude Shift Keyed (ASK) signal and outgoing data are generated by the antenna reflectivity change using the Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) coding principle. The Data transfer rate is determined by the local UHF frequency regulation. The XRA00 follows the ePCglobal Class 1b UHF recommendation for the radio-frequency power and signal interface. Figure 2. Pad Connections applications. It is based on a determinist binary tree scanning method accelerated by bin slot distribution. The XRA00 EEPROM memory can be read and written, so that the users can program the ePC code themselves, if desired. The XRA00 has the following command set: - SCROLLID: XRA00, matching data sent by the Reader, replies by sending back the entire ID Code. This command is used during the anticollision sequence. - SCROLLALLID: XRA00 replies in an indiscriminate way by sending back the entire ID Code. - PINGID: This command is used as part of a multi-XRA00 anti-collision sequence. XRA00, matching data sent by the Reader, responds in one of the eight specific bin slots. - QUIET: XRA00, matching data sent by the Reader, enters the Asleep state where it no longer responds to the Reader commands. The memory remains in the Asleep state until a valid Talk command is received or the persistence mode limit time has run out. - TALK: XRA00, matching data sent by the Reader, returns to the Awake state where it responds to commands from the Reader. - KILL: XRA00, matching the entire ID Code, 16 bit CRC and the 8 bit Kill Code sent by the Reader, no longer responds to Reader queries. - ERASEID: The EraseID command is used to erase the entire memory array. - PROGRAMID: XRA00 programming is accomplished 16 bits at a time. Programming is allowed only when the XRA00 is not locked. - VERIFYID: The VerifyID command is used to verify that all memory data bits have been programmed correctly. Figure 3. Die Floor Plan 128 Mbit EEPROM ASK Memory Demodulator Reflecting Modulator Power Supply Regulator AC1 AC0 ai10741 The dialogue between the Reader and the XRA00 is conducted through the following consecutive operations: activation of the XRA00 by the UHF operating field of the Reader transmission of a command by the Reader transmission of a response by the XRA00 This technique is called Reader Talk First (RTF). Table 1. Signal Names AC1 AC0 (GND) Antenna Pad Antenna Pad (GND) AC0 The XRA00 is specifically designed for extented range applications that need automatic item identification. The XRA00 provides a fast and flexible anti-collision protocol that is robust under noisy and unpredictable RF conditions typical of RFID ai10742 5/38 XRA00 DATA TRANSFER Input Data Transfer from the Reader to the XRA00 (Request Frame) The RF Interface and Voltage Multiplier convert the RF energy into the DC power required for the XRA00 to operate. It provides modulation information to the ASK demodulator which discriminates between High and Low digital levels and forwards this discriminated signal to the State Logic for Data Recovery (see Figure 4.). Within the State Logic, the Data Recovery and Timing Block recovers the data from the de-modulated signals and generates commands and control functions that coordinate all of the XRA00 Figure 4. ASK Modulation of the Received Wave UHF Envelope Low Level Interval > 0% 100% < 50% ai10743 operations. The State Logic interprets the Request Frame, performs the required internal operations and determines if a response is required. The State Logic implements the State Diagram and Communications Protocols. The Reader-to-XRA00 link makes use of Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) with a maximum modulation depth of 100% (see Figure 5.). Because of the local UHF frequency regulation, the shape, depth and rate of the modulation are variable within the limits described in Table 2. The XRA00 adjusts its timing over a range of modulation rates to lock to Reader transmissions automatically. < 50% Figure 5. ASK Pulse Modulation Parameters Modulation 0% 0.9 Modulation Ripple 0.5 Modulation tfwhm Modulation 0.1 Modulation 100% tf tr Time ai10744 6/38 XRA00 Symbol Transmission Format for Request Frame Modulation of negative pulse width (RF interruption period) is used for data transmission and synchronization to XRA00s. Four timings are distinguished by their shortness. Their symbols are as follows: tfwhm0: encode binary data "0" tfwhm1: encode binary data "1" tfwhmBin: encode Bin synchroniZation pulse ttrangap: encode Transaction Gap pulse Each symbol is referenced to the Master Clock Time Period, t0, which is defined by the Reader during the Request Frame header modulation. t0 is the bit duration period generated by the Reader. Request Binary Data "0" Data Modulation Timing, tfwhm0, for Reader-toXRA00 clocking when data = "0", is encoded by a "narrow" 1/8t0 pulse width modulation. This timing is also used during data synchronization at the begining of each Request Frame. tfwhm0 is illustrated in Figure 6. Request Binary Data "1" Data Modulation Timing, tfwhm1, for Reader-toXRA00 clocking when data = "1", is encoded by a "wide" 3/8t0 pulse width modulation. This timing is also used for SOF (Start Of Frame) and EOF (End Of Frame) symbols within the Request Frame. tfwhm1 is illustrated in Figure 7. Figure 6. Data Modulation Timing - "0" t0 Clock Low (Data '0') tfwhm0 = 1/8t0 '0' '0' ai10745 Bin pulse and Bin Response Window XRA00 Answer Frames are synchronized by the Reader using Bin pulse modulation. The Bin pulse is encoded by a 3/8t0 pulse width modulation.The Bin pulse is also used to define the Bin Response Window time slots during the inventory sequence after a PINGID command is issued. The Bin Response Window is shown in Figure 8. Transaction Gap During communication with XRA00, each Request Frame begins with a transaction gap, ttrangap, followed by a period of time, ttransetup, during which the carrier frequency is unmodulated (See Figure 9. for an illustration and Table 2. for the value of ttransetup). ttransetup precedes the Data Modulation Window. Power Up If during communication with the Reader the carrier is turned off for a time exceeding tReset , XRA00 loses DC power. After XRA00 is powered up again, a minimum time of ttransetup, during which the carrier frequency is unmodulated, must precede the Data Modulation Window. (See Figure 10. for an illustration and Table 2. for the value of ttransetup.) Figure 7. Data Modulation Timing - "1" t t Clock Low (Data '1') = 3/8t fwhm1 0 '1' 0 '1' ai10746 7/38 XRA00 Figure 8. Bin Response Window Timing Bin Response Window tfwhmBinRW = 8 x t0 Bin Pulse tfwhmBin = 3/8t0 ai10747 Figure 9. Transaction Gap Timing Unmodulated carrier frequency period ttransetup Transaction Gap Pulse ttrangap = 10/8t0 Previous Transaction Next Transaction ai10748 Figure 10. Transaction after Power Up Unmodulated carrier frequency period ttransetup treset The carrier is off ai10749 8/38 XRA00 Table 2. Request Modulation Pulse Parameters for North American Operation (-20 to 55C) Symbol FC t0 T0Tol 1/t0 Tfwhm0 Tfwhm1 TfwhmBin Ttrangap TfwhmBinRW Ttransetup Ttranhold tf tr Ripple MOD tCoast tReset UHF Carrier Frequency Master Clock Time Period for a single bit sent to the XRA00 Master Clock Time Period Tolerance Request Frame Data Rate (1/t0) Pulse Modulation Width of Binary Data 0 at 50% Level Pulse Modulation Width of Binary Data 1 at 50% Level Pulse Modulation Width of Bin Pulse at 50% Level Pulse Modulation Width of Transaction Gap at 50% Level Bin Response Window at 50% Level Delay between Transaction Gap and Data Modulation Windows Delay before the next Transaction Gap Pulse Modulation Fall Time (90% to 10% level) Pulse Modulation Rise Time (10% to 90% level) Ripple Pulse Modulation Depth Delay between Request EOF and the next Transaction Gap RF Off time to Power down a XRA00 200 80 Description Min 900 12.5 -1 60 1/8 * T0 3/8 * T0 3/8 * T0 10/8 * T0 4*T0 64 2.5*T0 2000 300 300 10 100 20 8*T0 Max 930 16.6 +1 80 Units MHz s % Kbps s s s s s s s ns ns % % ms s 9/38 XRA00 Table 3. Request Modulation Pulse Parameters for European Operation (-20 to 55C) Symbol FC t0 t0Tol 1/t0 tfwhm0 tfwhm1 tfwhmBin ttrangap tfwhmBinRW ttransetup ttranhold tf tr Ripple MOD tCoast TReset UHF Carrier Frequency Master Clock Time Period for a single bit sent to the XRA00 Master Clock Time Period Tolerance Request Frame Data Rate (1/T0) Pulse Modulation Width of Binary Data 0 at 50% Level Pulse Modulation Width of Binary Data 1 at 50% Level Pulse Modulation Width of Bin Pulse at 50% Level Pulse Modulation Width of Transaction Gap at 50% Level Bin Response Window at 50% Level Delay between Transaction Gap and Data Modulation Windows Delay before the next Transaction Gap Pulse Modulation Fall Time (90% to 10% level) Pulse Modulation Rise Time (10% to 90% level) Ripple Pulse Modulation Depth Delay between Request EOF and the next Transaction Gap RF Off time to Power down a XRA00 200 40 Description Min 860 40 -1 15 1/8 * T0 3/8 * T0 3/8 * T0 10/8 * T0 4*T0 64 2.5*T0 2000 300 300 10 60 20 8*T0 Max 870 66,67 +1 25 Units MHz s % Kbps s s s s s s s ns ns % % ms s Note: The data shown in Table 3. is Preliminary Data. It is subject to change without previous notice. Request Frame Format Readers communicate with the XRA00 using two types of modulation: Data modulation and Bin modulation. Data modulation is used to transmit data from the Reader to the XRA00. Bin modulation is used to synchronize XRA00 answers and define time slot intervals while running the XRA00 anti-collision algorithm after a PINGID command. All transactions begin with a transaction gap pulse, ttrangap, followed by a period of time at least equal to ttransetup that precedes the Data modulation window as described in Figure 11. During the Data modulation, the Reader provides a master clock signal to XRA00 devices located in its neighborhood. The time between clock pulses, t0, determines the Reader-to-XRA00 data rate. The XRA00 devices are synchronized to the Reader on the negative-going edge of the low level interval of the RF envelope. There is a proportional relationship between this fundamental frequency and all subsequent signaling. The encoding used for the binary data from the Reader to the XRA00 is the pulse width modula10/38 tion of the low level pulse as shown in Figure 12. Logical 0 is defined as a modulation whose width is 1/8 of the master clock interval (Figure 6.), t0. Logical 1 is encoded as a modulation whose width is 3/8 of the master clock interval (Figure 7.), t0. After the Data modulation windows in which the Reader generates the XRA00 command, the Reader generates Bin pulses to define the time slots used by the XRA00 to answer. During the first interval, after the Data modulation EOF, the XRA00 sets up for answers. The XRA00 uses one out of two Bin modulation schemes depending on the Reader command. For SCROLL commands, the Reader generates 1 Bin pulse used for synchronization, followed by the XRA00 answer. For PING commands, the Reader generates 8 BIN pulses to define 8 BIN response windows. These 8 BIN response windows are used to delineate XRA00 answers during a PINGID command. A BIN interval is defined by a BIN pulse with a width of tfwhmBin = 3/8t0, followed by a BIN response window delay of tfwhmBinRW = 8T0. At the end of a complete transaction, a minimun delay of ttranhold = 2.5t0 (but that cannot exceed XRA00 tcoast) is required before the XRA00 is ready to receive the next Transaction Gap. Figure 11. Reader to XRA00 Modulation Overview (Request Frame) Bin Pulse ttrangap or Carrier on EOF Ping Command (Bin Modulation) EOF Bin Pulse ttransetup Data Modulation Window (Variable Length) Tag Setup Window (8 x t0) Tag Response Window (Two Reader Modulation Option) Scrolll Command (Carrier Wave after Data Modulation) ai10750 Figure 12. Data Modulation Window t0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 ai10751 Figure 13. Bin Modulations ttranhold Bin 1 Bin 2 Bin 3 Bin 4 Bin 5 Bin 6 Bin 7 ttrangap EOF Ping Command tag setup 8 x t0 Bin 0 Tag Response Window Scroll Command tag setup ttranhold ttrangap ai10752 Figure 14. Bin Modulation Timing details Bin Response Window tfwhmBinRW = 8 x t0 Bin Response Window tfwhmBinRW = 8 x t0 Bin Response Window tfwhmBinRW = 8 x t0 Bin Pulse tfwhmBin = 3/8 t0 ai10753 11/38 XRA00 Coast Interval In order for the XRA00 to be able to detect the next Transaction Gap, the Reader must start the next transaction within tcoast (see Figure 15.). This reFigure 15. Coast Interval EOF tCoast ScrollID Tag Response Windows Next sequence Transaction gap striction does not apply when the carrier has been turned off long enough (at least for tReset) for DC power to be removed from the XRA00 as the XRA00 will re-synchronize at the next power-up. End of prior sequence transaction gap or carrier on PingID Bin Response Window ai10754 Ping Reply Bin Collapse The Reader may optionally shorten the Ping transaction time by shortening the Bin response window. The Reader may listen to a XRA00 reply during the Bin response window for a minimum time of 4t0 (= ttagscrollDell max), which is half the standard BIN response window time. If no XRA00 response is detected, the Reader can generate the next BIN pulse. This condition may be applied to each of the 8 BIN intervals if the Reader detects no reply from a XRA00. The middle Bin response Figure 16. Collapsed Ping Response window shown in Figure 16. has been shortened due to no XRA00 reply. A Bin response window may not be collapsed (shortened) if an answer from the XRA00 is detected. If the Reader collapses an occupied Bin interval, the reply from the occupying XRA00 may overlap the collapsed Bin response window and continue into the next one. The Reader may decode the overlapping reply as a collision in the next Bin response window and will have to solve the case. Bin Response Window tfwhmBinRW = 8 x t0 Tag answer Bin Pulse tfwhmBin = 3/8 t0 Collapsed Bin Response Window = 4 x t0 No Tag answer Bin Response Window tfwhmBinRW = 8 x t0 Tag answer ai10755 12/38 XRA00 Output Data Transfer from the XRA00 to the Reader Answer Binary Data Bits 0 and 1. The backscattered answer from the XRA00 is modulated by a selection of one out of two symbols per data bit cell. The data bit cell period ttagbitcell is defined as 2 transitions for a binary data 0, and 4 transitions for a binary data 1 as shown in Figure 17. The nominal data rate for the XRA00 answer is synchronized to twice the Request data rate (defined in Table 4.). Under this encoding scheme, there are always transitions in the middle of a data bit and the sequence of 0's and 1's remains unchanged when the code is inverted as shown in Figure 19. Figure 17. XRA00 Answer Binary Data Bit Cell Encoding ttagbitcell = 1/2t0 ttagbitcell Answer Data 1 Answer Data 0 ai10756 Answer Frame from the XRA00 to the Reader. The XRA00 answers to Reader commands with a backscatter modulation that follows the FSK bit coding scheme as shown in Figure 17. This scheme define two symbols which are binary data 0 and binary data 1, respectively. After a Reader BIN pulse, the XRA00 waits for a time that depends on the received command beore starting to generate the answer. The XRA00 answer consists of an 8 bit Preamble followed by the data bits read from the non-volatile memory. The preamble has a fixed value of 11111110 and is sent as shown in Figure 18. The data bits are sent lowest bit address first. Figure 18. XRA00 Answer Preamble ttagscrollDel EOF READER LSB MSB Bin Pulse TAG 11111110 Preamble (8 bits) CRC data 16 bits Tag ID Code 96 bits ai10757 Figure 19. Transmission of XRA00 Answers 100% 100% ai10758 13/38 XRA00 XRA00 Answer Bit Cell Variation. Durind the Reader Request Frame command, the XRA00 synchronizes its internal PLL (Phase Lock Loop) to the Master Clock Time Period, t0, generated by Figure 20. XRA00 Answer Bit Cell Variation -1/8t0 +1/8t0 the Reader. Due to the internal PLL drift in the XRA00, the answer data bit cell period ttagbitcell may vary by up to 1/8t0. ttagbitcell Nominal Symbol at Start of Reply Fast (-1/8t0) Symbol Slow (+1/8t0) Symbol ai10759 Table 4. XRA00 Backscattered Answer Modulation Parameters Symbol Description Master Clock Time Period for a single bit sent to the XRA00 North American Operation t0 Master Clock Time Period for a single bit sent to the XRA00 European Operation Preliminary Data Min 12.5 40 Max 16.6 66.67 1/2 x t0 1/8 x t0 120 30 4.68 x t0 4.18 x t0 108 x t0/2 160 50 4.82 x t0 4.32 x t0 132 x t0/2 30 30 30 Units s s s s kbps kbps s s s ms ms ms ttagbitcell ttagbitcellTol XRA00 to Reader data bit cell period XRA00 to Reader data bit cell period Tolerance (measured on 96+16+8 bits) Answer Frame Data Rate (2/t0) for North American Operation 2 / t0 Answer Frame Data Rate (2/t0) for European Operation Preliminary Data SCROLLID Answer Delay from Reader BIN pulse (nominal value 4.75 x t0) PINGID Answer Delay from Reader BIN Pulse (nominal value 4.25 x t0) ttagscrollDel ttagscrollRep XRA00 SCROLL answer duration (96+16+8 bits, nominal value 120 x t0/2) Erasing time Programming time Kill time terase tpgm tKill 14/38 XRA00 Scroll Answer. The duration of a ScrollID answer, ttagscrollRep, is illustrated in Figure 21. The time required from the BIN pulse to the start of a ScrollID or VerifyID answer, ttagscrollDel, is illustrated in Figure 22. Figure 21. XRA00 Scroll Answer Duration Bin Pulse READER ttagscrollRep TAG ai10760 Figure 22. ScrollID Answer Delay Bin Pulse READER ttagscrollDel TAG ai10761 PingID Answer Delay. The time required from a BIN pulse to the start of a PingID answer, ttagpingDel, is illustrated in Figure 23. Figure 23. PingID Answer Delay Bin Pulse READER ttagpingDel TAG ai10762 15/38 XRA00 Contention Detection Contention detection is essential for most anti-collision algorithms. When two XRA00 devices have the same clock rate and differ by only one bit, the resulting difference in backscatter modulation waveform should be readily detected by the Reader. Figure 24. shows XRA00 devices that present the same backscatter modulation intensity and are communicating simultaneously. Differences in backscatter modulation intensity can also be used to help detect contention. Figure 24. Contention of Two XRA00 Devices with the Same Clock Rate and a 1-Bit Difference 100% 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0/1 ai10763 Bit contention example 16/38 XRA00 MEMORY MAPPING The XRA00 is divided into 8 blocks of 16 bits. The device is read bit by bit and written to on a block by block basis (16 bits at a time). The XRA00 memory map is shown in Figure 25. In the XRA00, the first block is used to store the CRC value as defined in the ePC specification. Figure 25. XRA00 Memory Map Row 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Address 00D 16D 32D 48D 64D 80D 96D 112D 15 Write Lockable User Area Write Lockable User Area Write Lockable User Area Write Lockable User Area Write Lockable User Area Write Lockable User Area Write Lockable User Area Lock Code Kill Code ai10764 Note: 1. ST may write part of the ePC code. The next 6 blocks are used to store the 96-bit ePC code that is used during the inventory sequence. The last block is divided into two 8-bit areas, one that contains the Kill Code and the other that contains the Lock Code used to protect the memory data contents. 0 EPC mapping CRC EPC Data EPC Data EPC Data EPC Data EPC Data EPC Data USER mode After programming the ePC information, the XRA00 can be locked. Once locked, the XRA00 answers to anti-collision and scroll commands only. The ERASEID, PROGRAMID and VERIFYID commands are de-activated. 17/38 XRA00 COMMAND-REPLY System communications follow a two-phase command-reply pattern where the Reader initiates the transaction (Reader Talks First, RTF). In the first phase, the Reader provides power to one or more passive XRA00 device(s) with continuous wave RF energy. The XRA00 device(s) power(s) up in the "Awake" state, where it is/they are ready to process commands. The Reader transmits amplitude-modulated information to the field using the Reader-to-XRA00 encoding scheme described in the Input Data Transfer from the Reader to the XRA00 (Request Frame) paragraph. On completion of the transmission, the Reader ceases the modulation and continues to apply the RF energy to power the XRA00 device(s) during the reply phase. The XRA00 device(s) communicate(s) with the Reader via backscatter modulation during this period, with the bit encoding scheme described in the Answer Frame from the XRA00 to the Reader paragraph. Basic commands are designed to limit the amount of state information the XRA00 device(s) have/has to store between transactions. XRA00 devices on the margin of the RF field are powered unreliably and therefore cannot maintain a library of previous transactions with the Reader. Consequently, the basic command format centers on the notion of using "atomic" transactions with the XRA00 field. This means that enough information is encased in each command for XRA00 devices to respond appropriately without having to refer to previous transactions. XRA00 State Diagram In the state diagram shown in Figure 26., the Power Up state is entered from any other state when power is first applied, or when power is no longer sufficient for the XRA00 to operate normally as described in Figure 10. Power Up State. The XRA00 enters the power up state on application of power, or when power falls below the level required to operate the XRA00 internal logic. When power becomes acceptable for operation, the XRA00 moves to the Awake state. Awake State. In the Awake state, the XRA00 interprets commands. It reacts to the Reader Request Frame and parameters and switches to the appropriate state. The Awake State is entered from the Power Up State but can also be entered from the Asleep State on receipt of a valid Talk Command. Reply State. The XRA00 switches to the Reply state when, after receiving a valid Request Frame, it has to generate a response. On completion of the Answer Frame, the XRA00 returns to the Awake State. Asleep State. The XRA00 switches from the Awake state to the Asleep state on receipt of the Quiet Command. In the Asleep state, the XRA00 will only respond to the Talk command. Other commands are ignored. If power is removed from the XRA00, the device enters the Persistence mode which allows it to switch back to the Asleep state when the device is powered up again. Dead State. The XRA00 enters the Dead state on receipt of a valid Kill command with the correct Destruct Code sequence. In the Dead State the XRA00 is Erased and does not provide valid ePC data to the Reader. 18/38 XRA00 Figure 26. XRA00 State Diagram Power-Up Power Loss Power Up Asleep, Persistence mode Power OK ScrollAllID, ScrollID, VerifyID(1) or PingID Command Reply Awake Invalid Command Quiet Command Asleep Power Not OK Reply complete Programming Cycle Completed Talk Command Programming Commands Kill Command Program Dead ai10765 19/38 XRA00 GENERAL COMMAND FORMAT The XRA00 is expected to have limited oscillator (PLL) stability. In the Request Frame format, the Reader provides a serie of pulses to synchronize the XRA00's internal oscillator at the beginning of each transaction. Answer Frames from the XRA00 are structured such that the Reader can interpret the information transmitted at whatever clock rate the XRA00 is able to provide. This scheme is similar in concept to auto-synchronization schemes used in magnetic card or barcode Readers. Two classes of Request Frames are provided: Basic Commands: they provide XRA00 identification, sorting, inventory, etc. when XRA00s are placed on goods in the supply chain. Programing Commands: they support XRA00 data initialization and programming by the final tag user prior to the entry of the tagged items in the supply chain. 20/38 XRA00 READER COMMAND STRUCTURE - (REQUEST FRAME COMMAND FORMAT) The format of a basic command from the Reader to the XRA00 is composed of 7 fields and 5 pieces of parity information as shown below: [SPINUP][SOF][CMD][P1][PTR][P2][LEN][P3] [VALUE][P4][P5][EOF] The Reader transmits the SPINUP field first, and the EOF field is transmitted last. Within each field, Table 5. Request Frame Command Field Definitions Command Field [SPINUP] [SOF] [CMD] [P1] [PTR] [P2] [LEN] [P3] Number of bits 20 1 8 1 8 1 8 1 Field Description Every Basic command is prefixed by a series of logical zeros (`0') for XRA00 timing. The synchronization circuitry on the XRA00 uses this part of the message to establish its onboard timing for reading/decoding messages and clocking subsequent replies to the Reader. Start of Frame indicator. A logical one (`1') 8-bit field that specifies the command being sent to the XRA00 devices. (See Basic Command Encoding below.) With 8 bits there could be up to 256 commands. The XRA00 command set only has six commands, the remaining address space is reserved. Odd Parity of the [CMD] field data. 8-bits - Pointer to a location (or bit index) in the XRA00 address range. The bit index starts at the LSB and works up. [PTR] is the starting point for XRA00 devices to attempt a match with data specified in the [VALUE] field. (Defined below.) The [PTR] field ranges from 0 to 255. Odd Parity of the [PTR] field data. 8-bits - Equal to the length of the data being sent in the [VALUE] field. (Defined below). The [LEN] Field is always greater than zero. Odd Parity of the [LEN] field data. 1 to 96 bits of data for XRA00 devices. In PingID, ScrollID, Quiet, or Kill commands, this is the data that the XRA00 will attempt to match against its own address. The first bit received by the XRA00 in the [VALUE] field will be compared to the XRA00 memory at the location contained in the [PTR] field. Odd Parity of the [VALUE] field data. Odd Parity of all of the Parity fields. End of Frame indicator. A logical one (`1'). the LSB is transmitted first. The field definitions are given in Table 5. Programming commands have the same format as basic commands (see Table 5.), except for a few additional pulses (see Figure 34.) for an example of a programming command). [VALUE] Variable [P4] [P5] [EOF] 1 1 1 21/38 XRA00 Command Encoding For encoding the two sets of commands, Basic and Programming, are also distinguished. Table 6. Table 6. Basic Command Encoding Basic Commands [CMD] SCROLLID QUIET KILL PINGID TALK SCROLLALLID 8-Bit Pattern Hex MSB <- LSB 0x01 0x02 0x04 0x08 0x10 0x34 8-Bit Pattern Binary MSB <- LSB 0000 0001b 0000 0010b 0000 0100b 0000 1000b 0001 0000b 0011 0100b Reply from XRA00 "ScrollID Reply" None None "PingID Reply" None "ScrollID Reply" shows how Basic Commands are encoded while Table 7. shows the encoding of Programming Commands. Table 7. Programming Command Encoding Programming Commands [CMD] ERASEID PROGRAMID VERIFYID 8-Bit Pattern Hex MSB <- LSB 0x32 0x31 0x38 8-Bit Pattern Binary MSB <- LSB 0011 0010b 0011 0001b 0011 1000b Reply from XRA00 None None "ScrollID Reply" 22/38 XRA00 BASIC COMMANDS - OVERVIEW The XRA00 provides six Basic commands, described in the following paragraphs. ScrollID The ScrollID command is a Basic command that gives rise to a response from the XRA00. When the ScrollID command is issued, the XRA00 responds if the data sent by the Reader in the [VALUE] field matches the XRA00's internal memory starting at the location specified by the [PTR] field. Data in the [VALUE] field is compared to the XRA00 memory, from the lowest to the highest address. Only XRA00 devices that match all of the bits in the [VALUE] field reply to the Reader. XRA00 devices that fail the match or fail a parity test on any of the parity bits do not modulate. The XRA00 devices that match the data sent by the Reader reply by sending back an 8-bit preamble, a 16-bit CRC for error checking followed by the entire 96-bit ePC code. Any unlocked XRA00 seeing the command will reply by sending back an 8-bit preamble, 16-bit CRC and its entire 96-bit ePC code, plus the Kill code and Lock code location bits. Any locked XRA00 seeing the command will reply by sending back an 8-bit preamble, 16bit CRC and its entire 96-bit ePC code. Data sent by the Reader to the XRA00 may be of variable length. ScrollID can be used to look for specific XRA00 devices or test for the presence of specific groups of XRA00 devices in the field. Data sent by the XRA00 has a fixed length. Example of a ScrollID Command . A Reader issues a command containing the following data: [CMD] = 00000001b (ScrollID) (0x07) [PTR] = 00000111b (0x09) [LEN] = 00001001b (0x2D) [VALUE] = 000101101b XRA00 devices will attempt to check 9 bits of their address data, starting at bit 7, against the data specified in the [VALUE] field. XRA00 devices whose data matches respond with a ScrollID Reply. Table 8. shows the case of three XRA00 devices. XRA00 1 and XRA00 3 respond to the command but XRA00 2 does not. Underlined bits in XRA00 memory are compared with the [VALUE] data. Here, bits 7 through 15 are compared. The XRA00 devices start by modulating the lowest memory address data bit onward up to the highest memory address data bit. This means that in Table 8., modulation is from right to left. Table 8. Example of a ScrollID Operation XRA00 ID Code/Bit Number Towards Highest Address Bit Bit Number XRA00 1 ID XRA00 2 ID XRA00 3 ID Lowest Address Bit YES NO (bit 10 fails to match) YES XRA00 responds to ScrollID command ...321098765432109876543210 ...010001000001011011101010b ...100111100001001010010010b ...101101010001011011110111b 23/38 XRA00 ScrollID Answer Frame Description The XRA00 devices that respond to a ScrollID command reply by modulating an eight bit preamble (11111110) followed by a 16-bit CRC and the entire XRA00 96-bit ePC code as shown in Figure 27. The XRA00 devices start by modulating from Figure 27. ScrollID Answer Frame Structure the lowest to the highest memory address. The XRA00 ScrollID Answer Frame structure is given in Figure 27. The 16-bit CRC data contained in the ScrollID Answer Frame is calculated accordingly and stored into the XRA00 memory during the XRA00 programming process. 11111110 1110111111000001 110110000011011000101010000011101...10000011001011101001100111110000111100011101 Preamble (8 bits) CRC Data (16 bits) Tag ID Code (96 bits) XRA00 address 00h XRA00 address 6Fh ai10767 ScrollAllID The ScrollAllID command is a Basic command that gives rise to a response from the XRA00. When this command is sent, the [VALUE], [PTR] and [LEN] fields are ignored by the XRA00. This command is similar to the ScrollID command described above, but for the discrimination. Any unlocked XRA00 seeing the command will reply by sending back an 8-bit preamble, 16-bit CRC and its entire 96-bit ePC code, as well as the Kill code and Lock code location bits. Any locked XRA00 seeing the command will reply by sending back an 8-bit preamble, 16bit CRC and its entire 96-bit ePC code. The XRA00 devices start by modulating the lowest memory address bit onward up to the highest memory address bit. Table 9. Example of a ScrollAllID Operation XRA00 ID Code/Bit Number Towards Highest Address Bit Bit Number XRA00 1 ID XRA00 2 ID XRA00 3 ID Example of a ScrollAllID Command. A Reader issues a command containing the following data: [CMD] = 00110100b (ScrollAllID) (0x07) [PTR] = 00000111b (0x09) [LEN] = 00001001b (0x2D) [VALUE] = 000101101b The XRA00 devices will ignore all the field contents. Even though a data check takes place the results of the check are ignored and all XRA00s that receive the ScrollAllID command respond with a ScrollID Reply. In Table 9., XRA00 devices 1, 2 and 3 respond to the command. Underlined bits in XRA00 memory are compared with the [VALUE] data but the result is not used. XRA00 respond to ScrollAllID command Lowest Address Bit YES YES (even though bit 10 fails to match) YES ...321098765432109876543210b ...010001000001011011101010b ...100111100001001010010010b ...101101010001011011110111b 24/38 XRA00 ScrollAllID Answer Frame Description XRA00 devices that respond to a ScrollAllID command reply by modulating an eight bit preamble (7Fh) followed by a 16-bit CRC and the entire XRA00 96-bit ePC code. The XRA00 devices start by modulating the lowest memory address data bit Figure 28. ScrollAllID Answer Frame Structure onward up to the highest memory address data bit. The XRA00 ScrollAllID Answer Frame structure is given in Figure 28. The 16-bit CRC data contained in the ScrollAllID Answer Frame is calculated accordingly and stored into the XRA00 memory during the XRA00 programming process. 11111110 1110111111000001 110110000011011000101010000011101...10000011001011101001100111110000111100011101 Preamble (8 bits) CRC Data (16 bits) Tag ID Code (96 bits) XRA00 address 00h XRA00 address 6Fh ai10767 Kill The Kill command is a Basic command that gives rise to an invalid response from the XRA00 to the ePC Reader queries. XRA00 devices whose data starting at the location specified by the [PTR] field (must be cleared to `0') matches the entire [VALUE] field sent by the Reader (that is, the 16-bit CRC, 96-bit ePC code and an 8-bit Kill Code) are erased and do not provide valid ePC data to the Reader. Data in the [VALUE] field is compared to XRA00 memory, from the lowest to the highest XRA00 memory address. XRA00 devices whose data do not match or that fail a parity test on any of the parity bits enter the Persistence mode. Figure 29. Kill Signaling Prior sequence transaction gap or carrier off 64s Killing a XRA00 can be done whether the XRA00 is locked or not, assuming that the correct Kill Code is issued during the instruction The Kill Code can be 00h The time required to Kill a XRA00 is tKill (see Table 4., XRA00 Backscattered Answer Modulation Parameters for timings). It is anticipated that the Kill command will require higher field strengths from the Reader, and will therefore be a short-range operation. The Reader to XRA00 Request Frame for a Kill command is similar to the Request Frame for a EraseID or ProgramID command. Spin up 20 0's Data EOF tKill t0 Power Off Interval Between Rows = 8t0 minimun 000000000000000000000 1 S Kill O F P Pointer 1=0 D 10000000 P Length 2 always 120D P 16 bit CRC P P E 3 + 96 bit EPC 4 5 O F + Kill code 0's 7 0's P 3 16 bit CRC + 96 bit EPC + Kill code PP E 45 O F ai10768 25/38 XRA00 PingID The PingID command is a Basic command that gives rise to a response from the XRA00. When the command is sent, the XRA00 will respond if the data sent by the Reader in the [VALUE] field matches the data in the XRA00's internal memory starting at the location specified by the [PTR] field. Data in the [VALUE] field is compared to the XRA00 memory, from the lowest to the highest memory address. XRA00 devices whose data matches all of the bits in the [VALUE] field will reply to the Reader. XRA00 devices whose data does not match or that fail a parity test on any of the parity bits will not modulate. The PingID command is used as part of a multiXRA00 anti-collision algorithm described in detail hereafter. XRA00 devices that match the data sent by the Reader respond with 8 address bits, from a point designated by two parameters supplied by the Reader, in increasing address order. Table 10. Example of PingID Operation XRA00 ID Code/Bit Position Towards Highest Address Bit Bit Number XRA00 1 ID XRA00 2 ID XRA00 3 ID XRA00 4 ID Lowest Address Bit YES NO (bit 10 does not match) YES YES Bin 4 (100b) Bin 5 (101b) Bin 0 (000b) XRA00 responds to PingID command Bin for response 8-Bit response MSB 01000100b 11110101b 10110000b LSB Each XRA00 response is placed in one of 8 Bin Response Windows delineated by BIN pulses sent by the Reader. Example of a PingID Command. A Reader issues a PingID command containing the following data: [CMD] = 00001000b (PingID) (0x07) [PTR] = 00000111b (0x09) [LEN] = 00001001b (0x2D) [VALUE] = 000101101b The XRA00 devices will attempt to check 9 bits of their address data, starting at bit 7 against the data specified in the [VALUE] field. In the example shown in Table 10., the underlined bits in the XRA00 ID code are compared with the [VALUE] data sent by the Reader. Bits shown in Italic are modulated and returned to the Reader during one of the Bin Response Windows. The lowest 3 bits of the response determine the response bin number. ...321098765432109876543210 ...010001000001011011101010b ...100111100001001010010010b ...111101010001011011110110b ...101100000001011011110111b Figure 30. PingID Answer Frame Structure for XRA00 3 Bin 5 (101) 10101111 (pattern reflects order of transmission) Tag Data (8 bits) Lowest XRA00 address Bin 6 (110) Highest XRA00 address ai10769 PingID Answer Frame The PingID command is used in the anti-collision algorithm. This command requires that the XRA00 devices that match the data sent by the Reader re- ply with 8 modulated data bits in one of 8 Bin Response Windows delineated by BIN pulses from the Reader after a Setup time. 26/38 XRA00 The 3 bits of XRA00 memory that come immediately after the matched data determine the particular Bin Response Window for an XRA00 reply. XRA00 devices where these 3 bits are equal to '000' respond in the first Bin Response Window, XRA00 devices where the 3 bits are equal to '001' reply in the second Bin Response Window... XRA00 devices where the 3 bits are equal to '111' respond in the eighth Bin Response Window. These Bin Response Window are also called "bins" and numbered from 0 through to 7 as shown in Figure 31. As described in the Ping Reply Bin Collapse paragraph, the Reader may shorten a BIn Response Window if no tag answer is detected. Figure 31. PingID Answer Response Period - Reader Modulations Define Response Bins Bin 0 (000) Bin 1 (001) Bin 2 (010) Bin 3 (011) Bin 4 (100) Bin 5 (101) Bin 6 (110) Bin 7 (111) Setup EOF from CMD BIN pulses ai10770 Quiet XRA00 devices that match the data sent by the Reader enter the Asleep state where they no longer respond to Reader commands. They remain in the Asleep state until they receive the appropriate Talk command or after the Persistance mode time limit is exceeded (even if power has been removed from the XRA00). Example of a Quiet Command. A Reader issues a Quiet command containing the following data: [CMD] = 00000010b (Quiet) (x07) [PTR] = 00000111b (0x09) [LEN] = 00001001b (0x2D) [VALUE] = 000101101b XRA00 devices will attempt to check 9 bits of their address data, starting from bit 7, against the data Table 11. Example of a Quiet Operation specified in the [VALUE] field. XRA00 devices whose data matches enter the Asleep state and remain in this state. Once in the Asleep state the XRA00 devices will fail to respond to any command until they receive a Talk command or the Persistence mode limit time is exceeded. The XRA00 devices do not return any response to the Quiet command. In the example illustrated in Table 11., the underlined XRA00 memory bits are compared with the [VALUE] data sent by the Reader. After issuing the Quiet command, the Reader must transmit seven 0's after the EOF for the XRA00 to execute the Quiet command. Once the seven 0's have been sent, the Reader is allowed to start a new transaction. XRA00 ID Code/Bit Position Towards Highest Address Bit Bit Number XRA00 1 ID XRA00 2 ID XRA00 3 ID XRA00 4 ID Lowest Address Bit XRA00 execute Quiet command and become inactive ...321098765432109876543210 ...010001000001011011101010b ...100111100001001010010010b ...101101010001011011110110b ...101100000001011011111011b YES NO (bit 10 does not match) YES YES 27/38 XRA00 Figure 32. Example of a Quiet Request Frame Signaling EOF 7t0 Quiet, Talk Commands 1 Transaction Gap Next Transaction ai10771 Talk XRA00 devices that match the data sent by the Reader return to the Awake state, where they will respond to commands from the Reader. XRA00 devices inactivated by the Quiet command can be reactivated by the Talk command. The Talk command follows the same rules as the Quiet, PingID and ScrollID commands for the selection of the XRA00 devices. An individual XRA00 or a group of XRA00 devices can be brought out of the Asleep state, as required. Example Talk Command. A Reader issues a Talk command containing the following data: [CMD] = 00110010b (Talk) (0x07) [PTR] = 00000111b (0x09) [LEN] = 00001001b (0x2D) [VALUE] = 000101101b Table 12. Example of a Talk Operation XRA00 ID Code/Bit Position Towards Highest Address Bit Bit Number XRA00 1 ID XRA00 2 ID XRA00 3 ID XRA00 4 ID Lowest Address Bit The XRA00 devices will attempt to check 9 bits of their address data, starting from bit 7, against the data specified in the [VALUE] field. The XRA00 devices with matching data revert from the Asleep to the Awake state thus becoming responsive to all subsequent Reader commands until a new Quiet command is received. The XRA00 devices do not return any response to the Talk command. In the example illustrated in Table 12., the underlined XRA00 memory bits are compared with the [VALUE] data sent by the Reader. After issuing the Talk command the Reader must transmit seven 0's after the EOF for the XRA00 to execute the Talk Command. Once the seven 0's have been sent, the Reader must immediately issue a transaction gap. XRA00 executes the Talk command and enters the Awake state ...321098765432109876543210 ...010001000001011011101010b ...100111100001001010010010b ...101101010001011011110110b ...101100000001011011110111b YES NO (bit 10 does not match) YES YES Figure 33. Example of aTalk Request Frame Signaling EOF 7t0 Quiet, Talk Commands 1 Transaction Gap Next Transaction ai10771 28/38 XRA00 PROGRAMMING COMMANDS - OVERVIEW Programming commands use the same command structure and field definitions as the Basic commands, but are issued only by an XRA00 programmer. An XRA00 programmer may be similar to a Reader, except that it can execute Programming commands in addition to Basic commands. Programming commands are used to program the contents of the XRA00 non-volatille memory, and to verify these contents before locking them. All Programming commands are disabled once the manufacturer has locked the XRA00 data contents. The programming range is approximately 25% of the maximum read range. The programming distance depends on the tag antenna design, tag materials, programmer antenna design, RF power level and system configuration. VerifyID The VerifyID command is used to examine the contents of a memory block as part of a programming cycle in order to allow the manufacturer programmer to verify that the entire memory block has been programmed correctly into the XRA00. XRA00 devices that have been LOCKED will not answer to the VerifyID command. The VerifyID command addresses all bits in the XRA00 memory that are transmited to the programmer in the same Answer Frame format as the ScrollAllID Reply. EraseID The EraseID command resets all bits in the XRA00 to the value "0". This command is a bulk erase of the entire memory array. The EraseID opTable 13. Programming Row Selection [PTR] Value 00D 16D 32D 48D 64D 80D 96D 112D [PTR] Value MSB LSB 00000000b 00010000b 00100000b 00110000b 01000000b 01010000b 01100000b 01110000b Row to be Programmed row 0, bits 0-15 row 1, bits 16-31 row 2, bits 32-47 row 3, bits 48-63 row 4, bits 64-79 row 5, bits 80-95 row 6, bits 96-111 row 7, bits 112-127 eration is normally executed prior to the ProgramID command. The EraseID command is not executed on XRA00 devices that have been LOCKED. The data sent by the Programmer in the [PTR] and [VAL] fields are not used by the XRA00 and should be set to "0". The [LEN] field should be set to the value "1", and the [VAL] field should contain a single "0". Upon receipt of a valid EraseID command, the XRA00 executes the appropriate internal timing sequences required to erase the memory. See Figure 34. for the EraseID command signaling sheme. ProgramID The XRA00 is programmed 16 bits at a time. Programming is only allowed if the XRA00 is not locked. The data is sent to the XRA00 using the ProgramID command. The [PTR] field contains the memory row address to be programmed and the [VAL] field contains the 16 bits of data to be programmed. The [PTR] field value must be set as specified in Table 13. See Figure 34. for the ProgramID command signaling sheme. The [LEN] field must be set to the value 16 (00010000b), indicating that 16 bits are programmed. Upon receipt of a valid ProgramID command, the XRA00 executes the appropriate internal timing sequences required to program the memory. 29/38 XRA00 Lock Function The Lock function is implemented by programming a specific value into the lock bits of the XRA00, using the ProgramID command. In order to lock the XRA00, the 8 upper bits of the row 7 must be programmed with the value A5h, as shown in Table 14. and Table 15. If a value different from A5h is programmed in the 8 upper bits of the row 7, the tag in NOT LOCKED, and the XRA00 will return this value in response to any ScrollID, ScrollAllID or Verify command. Table 14. Row 7 of an Unlocked or Erased Memory Row 7 bit Value Lock Bit bit8 127 0 126 0 125 0 124 0 123 0 122 0 121 0 bit 1 120 0 bit8 119 0 118 0 117 0 116 0 115 0 114 0 113 0 Kill Code bit1 112 0 Table 15. Row 7 of a Locked Memory (Showing Lock Code A5h) Row 7 bit Value Lock Bit bit8 127 1 126 0 125 1 124 0 123 0 122 1 121 0 bit 1 120 1 Kill Code bit8 119 0 118 0 117 0 116 0 115 0 114 0 113 0 bit1 112 0 EraseID and ProgramID Timing The time required to erase or program a XRA00 is terase and tpgm, respectively. See Table 4., XRA00 Backscattered Answer Modulation Parameters for values. The Reader to XRA00 Request Frame is much like the Basic Command frame. The differences between the two are listed below: The Programmer must send 0's after the [EOF] for the duration of the program or erase time, tpgm or terase. Figure 34. EraseID and ProgramID Signaling Prior sequence transaction gap or carrier off 64s The ProgramID and EraseID operations are terminated by a "1" at the end of terase or tpgm. The Programmer must transmit seven 0's after the terminating "1" to allow the XRA00 to perform an orderly shutdown of the erase/ program sequence. Transmission of subsequent programming commands must be preceded by an XRA00 carrier off interval of at least 8 x t0. Spin up 20 0's 16 data bits Variable Data EOF terase or tpgm t0 Power Off Interval Between Rows = 8t0 minimun 000000000000000000000 1 10000000 S P O Command 1 Pointer F P 2 P Length 3 always 16 Value variable number of bits PP E 45 O F 0's 7 0's P 3 variable number of bits PP E 45 O F ProgramID, EraseID Commands ai10772 30/38 XRA00 ANTI-COLLISION ALGORITHM The PingID command divides a population of XRA00 devices into eight sub-populations based on their ID code by binning XRA00 responses into eight separate time slices, or Bin Response Windows. This binning provides the basis for an anticollision algorithm that probes the binary ID code three bits at a time. Individual XRA00 devices can be isolated from large populations in the field of the Reader by issuing multiple PingID commands to the field, analyzing the responses and eventually issuing the appropriate ScrollID command. Figure 35. is a binary tree representation of the first four LSBs in the XRA00 address space. Although only the four first levels are shown, the binary tree structure applies to the entire XRA00 ID code (96 bits for a Class-1b XRA00). A PingID command with [PTR]=0, [LEN]=1 and [VALUE]=0 will probe the right half of this tree (the `0' branch) through the first four bits of the XRA00 memory. Figure 35. First Four LSBs as a Binary Tree Similarly, a PingID command with [PTR]=0, [LEN]=1 and [VALUE]=1 will probe the left half of this tree (the `1' branch) through the first four bits of the XRA00 memory. For the PingID command with [PTR]=0, [LEN]=1 and [VALUE]=0, XRA00 devices whose LSBs are 0000b respond in bin 0, XRA00 devices whose LSBs are 0010b respond in bin 1... and XRA00 devices whose LSBs are 1110b respond in bin 7. Readers can look for backscatter modulation from the XRA00 devices in each of the bins and learn about the XRA00 population even if collisions make reading the 8 bits of data sent by the XRA00 devices difficult. The presence of backscatter in a given bin merely indicates that one or more XRA00 device(s) match(es) the query. The bin number tells the Reader what the next three MSBs of the XRA00 addresses will be. The bin contents also indicate the next 5 bits of the responding XRA00 devices. PTR 1 =0 LEN V =1 ALU E= 1 PTR =0 LEN =1 VAL UE =0 0 11 111 011 101 01 001 110 10 010 100 00 000 1111 0111 1011 0011 1101 0101 1001 0001 1110 0110 1010 0010 1100 0100 1000 0000 ai10773 Anti-Collision Example Consider two XRA00 devices having their lowest address programmed with 0111b and 1011b, respectively. Query 1 [CMD] = [PTR] = [LEN] = [VALUE] 00001000b(PingID) 00000000b(0x00) 00000001b(0x01) = 1b(1) This command probes the left half of the tree shown in Figure 35. The [VALUE] field of 1, matches the first bit of both XRA00 devices in the exam- ple (0111b and 1011b), so that they will both respond. During the reply interval, the XRA00 devices modulate the next 8 bits of their address data that come just after the matched portion on the higher address side. The bin in which they modulate is determined by the three LSBs of the data they modulate. At the Reader, backscatter modulation is observed in bins 3 (011b) and 5 (101b) (as shown in Figure 36.). Since multiple XRA00 devices can modulate in each of these bins, contention may be observed but the Reader knows that there are two distinct populations of XRA00 devices present whose first four LSBs are 0111b and 1011b, respectively. 31/38 XRA00 Using this information, the Reader may issue a second PingID command to explore the population of XRA00 devices in bin 3, reserving the XRA00 devices detected in bin 5 for later analysis: Query 2 [CMD] = [PTR] = [LEN] = [VALUE] 00001000b(PingID) 00000000b(0) 00000100b(4) = 0111b(7) bits of these XRA00 devices and at least 4 bits of information concerning the other XRA00 branch affected by Query 1 but reserved for later analysis. Although it is not the fastest way to isolate and identify XRA00 devices, the Reader may continue with this method and use the PingID command to follow a branch through the XRA00 ID space until it has explored the entire XRA00 address and 16bit CRC of the XRA00 address. The recommended way to perform an analysis of a population of XRA00 devices is to take advantage of the Reader's ability to detect contention in the reply intervals. The "divide by eight" feature of the PingID command makes it possible to very quickly reduce the number of XRA00 devices replying in each bin. Simulations with populations of 100 XRA00 devices show that with random addresses, an average of less than 4 PingID commands are needed to isolate one XRA00 device. If only one XRA00 replies in a given bin, the Reader can decode the 8 bits of information sent from the XRA00 and issue a ScrollID command to that XRA00 using the [PTR] [LEN] and [VALUE] data that successfully isolated the XRA00. This command explores 3 bits farther into the tree towards the highest memory location from the memory address containing the bits 0111b. In Figure 37., the bold borders show the branches that contain the XRA00 devices. The two branches shown in the second half of the drawing contain groups of XRA00 devices that match Query 2. These are the same XRA00 devices that responded to the first query in bin 3. In this new query, the XRA00 modulation during the reply interval will take place in bins 1 (response 0010111b), 6 (response 1100111b) and 7 (response 1110111b) as shown in Figure 38. and in bold in Figure 37. The Reader knows 7 address Figure 36. Reader Modulations and XRA00 Backscatter During PingID Reply for Query 1 000 001 010 011 100 101 110 111 Reader Bin Modulation Tag Backscatter ai10774 32/38 XRA00 Figure 37. Query Tree for the Two PingID Sequence Query 1 1 0 11 111 011 101 01 001 110 10 010 100 00 000 1111 0111 1011 0011 1101 0101 1001 0001 1110 0110 1010 0010 1100 0100 1000 0000 10111 Query 2 00111 110111 010111 100111 000111 1110111 0110111 1010111 0010111 1100111 0100111 1000111 0000111 ai10775 Figure 38. Reader Modulations and XRA00 Backscatter During PingID Reply for Query 2 Reader Bin Modulation 000 001 010 011 100 101 110 111 Tag Backscatter ai10776 33/38 XRA00 ANTI-COLLISION FEATURES Several features of this anti-collision approach deserve mention: Each transaction with the XRA00 field is a selfcontained operation. A command - reply pair is an atomic transaction requiring no knowledge of previous events from a XRA00 for it to reply. This feature greatly enhances robustness for passive XRA00 devices in noisy environments or at marginal RF power levels. Related to this, the Reader maintains information about the progress through the binary tree. Branches that show XRA00 signals, but are not immediately explored may be held in memory and later examined to improve the overall throughput. Readers with widely varying capabilities can make use of the same protocol. - A sophisticated Reader that can perform contention detection within a bin can perform very rapid sorts of groups of XRA00 devices. XRA00 devices can be quickly isolated using a series of PingID commands, and then read using the ScrollID command. - Simple Readers without the ability to detect contention (for example, a Reader with only an analogue filter to look for "XRA00-like" modulation) can still sort and identify XRA00 devices using only the PingID command. 34/38 XRA00 XRA00 IMPEDANCE PARAMETERS The XRA00 parameters are specified in Tables 16 and 17. The equivalent impedance model for measurement illustrated in Figure 39. is based on a reTable 16. XRA00 Parameters Symbol tSTG Description Storage Temperature Minimum Operating voltage on the antenna Electrostatic Discharge Voltage (1) Conditions Wafer 23 FC = 915MHz, T = 25C, Regulated Internal VDD = 1.65V Machine Model Human Body Model 0.5 -50 -400 +50 +400 months Vrms V V Min 15 Max 25 Unit C sistor and a capacitor connected in parallel with the external antenna. VOP VESD Note: 1. Mil. Std. 883 - Method 3015. Table 17. XRA00 Impedance Parameters Equivalent Parallel Model (See Figure 39.) Measurement conditions T = +25C, Regulated Internal VDD = 1.65V Typical Value Characterized only. Fc = 868MHz, Rp = 6400, Cp = 0.84pF Fc = 915MHz, Rp = 5800, Cp = 0.88pF Equivalent Serial Model (See Figure 40.) Calculated value Fc = 868MHz, Rs = 7.4, Xs = -218 Fc = 915MHz, Rs = 6.7, Xs = -197.4 Figure 39. XRA00 Input Impedance, Equivalent Parallel Circuit AC0 Figure 40. XRA00 Input Impedance, Equivalent Serial Circuit AC0 RS Zeq RP CP Zeq XS AC1 Zeq = RP//CP ai10777 AC1 Zeq = RS + jXS ai10778 35/38 XRA00 PART NUMBERING Table 18. Ordering Information Scheme Example: Device Type XRA00 Delivery Form W4I = 180m 15m unsawn Inkless wafer SBN18I = 180m 15m Bumped and Sawn Inkless Wafer on 8 inch frame Customer Code XXX = Customer Code, given by STMicroelectronics XRA00 W4I / XXX Note: Initial delivery state: devices on wafers are shipped from the factory with the memory contents cleared to all "0's" (00h). For a list of the available options, please see the current Memory Shortform Catalogue. For further information on any aspect of this device, please contact your nearest ST Sales Office. 36/38 XRA00 REVISION HISTORY Table 19. Document Revision History Date 15-Dec-2004 Version 0.1 First Issue Revision Details 37/38 XRA00 Information furnished is believed to be accurate and reliable. However, STMicroelectronics assumes no responsibility for the consequences of use of such information nor for any infringement of patents or other rights of third parties which may result from its use. No license is granted by implication or otherwise under any patent or patent rights of STMicroelectronics. Specifications mentioned in this publication are subject to change without notice. This publication supersedes and replaces all information previously supplied. STMicroelectronics products are not authorized for use as critical components in life support devices or systems without express written approval of STMicroelectronics. The ST logo is a registered trademark of STMicroelectronics. All other names are the property of their respective owners (c) 2004 STMicroelectronics - All rights reserved STMicroelectronics group of companies Australia - Belgium - Brazil - Canada - China - Czech Republic - Finland - France - Germany - Hong Kong - India - Israel - Italy - Japan Malaysia - Malta - Morocco - Singapore - Spain - Sweden - Switzerland - United Kingdom - United States of America www.st.com 38/38 |
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